Transformation Of
sentences
Transformation Of sentences
Transformation is changing the form of a sentence without changing its meaning. In the exams transformation should be done according to the direction given in the question paper. In doing transformation a student should have a fairly well knowledge about the kinds of sentence and their formation. A brief direction about doing transformation is given below.
According to the meaning:
Affirmative to negative:
Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → Replaced by → None but(person)/ nothing but(things)/ not more than or not less than(number)
Ex: Aff: Only Allah can help us. Neg: None but Allah can help us.
Aff: He has only a ball. Neg: He has nothing but a ball.
Aff: He has only ten taka. Neg: He has not more than ten taka.
Rule 2: Must → Replaced by → Cannot but/ Cannot help+ (v+ing).
Ex: Aff: We must obey our parents. Neg: we cannot but obey our parents/ we cannot help obeying our parents.
Rule 3: Both----and → Replaced by → not only ---- but also.
Ex: Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited.
Transformation is changing the form of a sentence without changing its meaning. In the exams transformation should be done according to the direction given in the question paper. In doing transformation a student should have a fairly well knowledge about the kinds of sentence and their formation. A brief direction about doing transformation is given below.
According to the meaning:
Affirmative to negative:
Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → Replaced by → None but(person)/ nothing but(things)/ not more than or not less than(number)
Ex: Aff: Only Allah can help us. Neg: None but Allah can help us.
Aff: He has only a ball. Neg: He has nothing but a ball.
Aff: He has only ten taka. Neg: He has not more than ten taka.
Rule 2: Must → Replaced by → Cannot but/ Cannot help+ (v+ing).
Ex: Aff: We must obey our parents. Neg: we cannot but obey our parents/ we cannot help obeying our parents.
Rule 3: Both----and → Replaced by → not only ---- but also.
Ex: Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited.
Neg: Not only dolon
but also Dola were present.
Rule 4: and ( if join two words) → Replaced by → Not only ----- but also.
Ex: aff: He was obedient and gentle. Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.
Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → Replaced by → There is no + attached word + but.
Ex: Aff: Every mother loves her child.
Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.
Rule 6: As soon as → Replaced by → No sooner had ----- Than.
Ex: Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away. Neg: No sooner had the thief saw the police he ran away.
Rule 7: Absolute Superlative degree → Replaced by → No other+ attached word+so+ positive form+ as+subject.
Ex: aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.
Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.
Rule8: Sometimes affirmative sentences are changed into negative by using opposite words. Before the word, off course ‘not’ is used.
Ex: Aff: I shall remember you. Neg: I shall not forget you.
Rule 9: Always → Replaced by → Never.
Ex: aff: Raven always attends the class. Neg: Raven never misses the class.
Rule 10: Too ---- to → Replaced by → so ---that+ can not/could not(in past).
Ex: Aff: He is too weak to walk. Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Rule 11: As – as → Replaced by → Not less – than.
Ex: Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi. Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi.
Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.
Ex: Aff: The Sun sets in the west. Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west.
Rule 13: Sometimes → Replaced by → Not + always.
Ex: Aff: Raven sometimes visits me. Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me.
Rule 14: Many → Replaced by → Not a few.
Ex: Aff: I have many friends. Neg: I donot have few friends.
Rule 15: A few → Replaced by → not many.
Ex: Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars. Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.
Rule 16: Much → Replaced by → A little.
Ex: Aff: He belongs much money. Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.
Rule 17: A little → Replaced by → not much.
Ex: Aff: Dolon has a little riches. Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches.
ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE
Rule 1: If the sentence is in the affirmative you have to change it into negative interrogative. If it is in negative then you have to change it into bare interrogative.
Ex: Ass: He was very gentle.
Int: was n’t he very gentle?
Aff: He is not a good person.
Int: Is he a good person?
Rule 2: No auxiliary verb in sentence →→ Change it by using →→ Do/does/did Or Don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Ex: Ass:He plays Football.
Int: Does he play football?
Ass: They did not play football yesterday.
Int: Did they play football yesterday?
Rule3: Never → Replaced by → Ever.
Ass: I never drink tea.
Int: Do I ever drink tea?
Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → Replaced by → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t
Ex: Everybody wishes to be happy.
Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule 5: Every + noun → Replaced by → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Ex: Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.
Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → Replaced by → Who.
Ex: Nobody could count my love for you.
Int: Who could ever count my love for you?
Rule 7 : There is no → Replaced by → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).
Ex: Ass: There is no use of this law.
Int: What is the use of this law.
Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.
Int: Who is Happier than jamil.
Rule 8: It Is no → Replaced by → Is there any/Why.
Ex: Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.
Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,
Is there any use of this law?
Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → Replaced by → what though/ Does it matter.
Ex: Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam.
Int: What though if you fail in the exam?
Interrogative to assertive is to be done doing Vice versa.
Rule 4: and ( if join two words) → Replaced by → Not only ----- but also.
Ex: aff: He was obedient and gentle. Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.
Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → Replaced by → There is no + attached word + but.
Ex: Aff: Every mother loves her child.
Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.
Rule 6: As soon as → Replaced by → No sooner had ----- Than.
Ex: Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away. Neg: No sooner had the thief saw the police he ran away.
Rule 7: Absolute Superlative degree → Replaced by → No other+ attached word+so+ positive form+ as+subject.
Ex: aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.
Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.
Rule8: Sometimes affirmative sentences are changed into negative by using opposite words. Before the word, off course ‘not’ is used.
Ex: Aff: I shall remember you. Neg: I shall not forget you.
Rule 9: Always → Replaced by → Never.
Ex: aff: Raven always attends the class. Neg: Raven never misses the class.
Rule 10: Too ---- to → Replaced by → so ---that+ can not/could not(in past).
Ex: Aff: He is too weak to walk. Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Rule 11: As – as → Replaced by → Not less – than.
Ex: Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi. Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi.
Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.
Ex: Aff: The Sun sets in the west. Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west.
Rule 13: Sometimes → Replaced by → Not + always.
Ex: Aff: Raven sometimes visits me. Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me.
Rule 14: Many → Replaced by → Not a few.
Ex: Aff: I have many friends. Neg: I donot have few friends.
Rule 15: A few → Replaced by → not many.
Ex: Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars. Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.
Rule 16: Much → Replaced by → A little.
Ex: Aff: He belongs much money. Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.
Rule 17: A little → Replaced by → not much.
Ex: Aff: Dolon has a little riches. Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches.
ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE
Rule 1: If the sentence is in the affirmative you have to change it into negative interrogative. If it is in negative then you have to change it into bare interrogative.
Ex: Ass: He was very gentle.
Int: was n’t he very gentle?
Aff: He is not a good person.
Int: Is he a good person?
Rule 2: No auxiliary verb in sentence →→ Change it by using →→ Do/does/did Or Don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Ex: Ass:He plays Football.
Int: Does he play football?
Ass: They did not play football yesterday.
Int: Did they play football yesterday?
Rule3: Never → Replaced by → Ever.
Ass: I never drink tea.
Int: Do I ever drink tea?
Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → Replaced by → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t
Ex: Everybody wishes to be happy.
Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule 5: Every + noun → Replaced by → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Ex: Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.
Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → Replaced by → Who.
Ex: Nobody could count my love for you.
Int: Who could ever count my love for you?
Rule 7 : There is no → Replaced by → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).
Ex: Ass: There is no use of this law.
Int: What is the use of this law.
Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.
Int: Who is Happier than jamil.
Rule 8: It Is no → Replaced by → Is there any/Why.
Ex: Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.
Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,
Is there any use of this law?
Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → Replaced by → what though/ Does it matter.
Ex: Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam.
Int: What though if you fail in the exam?
Interrogative to assertive is to be done doing Vice versa.
Exclamatory sentence to Assertive sentence
Rule1: Subject and Verb of exclamatory sentence are to be used as the subject and verb of assertive sentence at the outset of the sentence.
How/what → Replace by → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)
Ex: How fortunate you are!
Ass: You are very fortunate.
Exc: What a fool you are!
Ass: You are a great fool.
Rule 2: Sometimes the subject and verb may be eclipsed.
Ex: What a beautiful scenery!
Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.
Ex: What a pity!
Ass: It is a great pity.
Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → Replace by → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.
Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game.
Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Rule 4: Alas → Replace by → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.
Ex: Alas! He has failed.
Ass: We mourn that he has failed.
Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → Replaced by → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part.
Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!
Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Ex: Were I a bird!
Ass: I wish I were a bird.
Ex: If I were young again!
Ass: I wish I were young again.
Ex: would that I could be a child!
Ass: I wish I could be a child.
Assertive to exclamatory is to be done doing Vice versa.
Imperative to assertive
Rule 1: Add subject + should in doing assertive.
Ex: Do the work.
Ass: you should do the work.
Rule 2: Please/kindly → Replaced by → you are requested to.
Ex: Please, help me.
Ass: You are requested to help me.
Rule 3: Do not → Replaced by → You should not.
Ex: Do not run in the sun.
Ass: you should not run in the sun.
Rule 4: Never → Replaced by → you should never.
Ex: Never tell a lie.
Ass: You should never tell a lie.
Rule 5: Let us → Replaced by → We should.
Ex: Let us go out for a walk.
Ass: We should go out for a walk.
Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → Replaced by → Subject + might.
Ex: Let him play football.
Ass: He might play football.
Change of degree
Rule1: If the superlative degree says about the best thing then the rule is:-
For comparative,use –
subject +verb + adjective/adverb(comp. form) + Than any other + rest part
For positive, use-
No other + rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.
Ex: Su: Suman is the tallest boy in the class.
Com: Suman is taller than any other boy in the class.
Pos: No other boy in the class is as tall as Suman.
Rule 2: If In superlative degree ‘One of the’ is transformed in this way:
Comparative: Sub+verb +comp. form +than most other+ Rest part.
Positive: Very few+ rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.
Ex: Nazrul was one of the greatest poets in Bangladesh.
Comp.: Nazrul was greater than most other poets in Bangladesh.
Positive: Very few poets in Bangladesh were so great as Nazrul.
Note: Superlative: Of all/ of any
Comparative: Than all other/than any other.
Positive: It does not exist.
Ex: Sup: Mr. khan is the oldest of all men in the village.
Com: Mr. Khan is older than all other men in the village.
Pos: No other man is as old as Mr. Khan.
Rule 3: Simple comparative is transformed into positive by using
(not so + adj/adv+as)/ (so+adj/adv+as)if negative. Second noun or pronoun is used first.
Ex: 1. com: Rina is wiser than Mina.
Pos: Mina is not so wise as Rina.
2. Com: Mina is not wiser than Rina.’
Pos: Rina is as wise as Mina.
Rule 4: No/not less --- than is transformed into positive by using as +adj/adv+ as
Ex: com: Karim is not less meritorious than Suman.
Pos: Karim is so meritorious as Suman.
Complex →→→ Simple →→→ compound
Rule 1:Since/As/When Change is to be made in the subordinate clause .
When subjects are same.
Simple: 1) Omit since/as/when.
2) (Verb+ing) of the subordinate clause.
3) then write the rest part.
4) use subject with the principal clause.
5) Principal clause remains unchanged.
Ex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.
Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.
Compound: 1) Omit since /as /when
2) write down the rest part.
3) join clauses by using and, and so, and therefore
4) write the main clause unchanged.
Ex: The boy worked hard and made a good result.
Rue2: In case of Be verb in subordinate clause:
1) Use being/ Because of + Pronoun/noun(possessive form)+ being.
Ex: Since he was weak, he could not work hard.
Simple: Because of his being weak, he could not work hard.
Compound: He was weak and therefore could not work hard.
Note: and therefore, is used for showing reasons.
Rule3: When the subject of clauses are different:
Simple:
1)Subject of s.c.
2) Verb+ing ( be verb → being; Have verb → having)
Ex: Since the weather was foul, we did not go out.
Sim: The weather being foul, we did not go out.
Compound: use ‘and therefore’to join two clauses.
Ex: The weather was foul and therefore we did not go out.
Rule 4: If,’ is Replaced by – ‘by + (verb+ing)
Ex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.
Compound: 1) Omit if+subject.
2. use ‘and’ to join two clauses.
Ex: Compound: Work hard and you will succeed in life.
Rule 5: Simple: If-not/unless, is replaced by, - without+( verb+ing)
Ex: Complex: If you donot work hard, you will fail in the examination.
Sim: Without working hard, you will fail in the examination.
Compound: Use or’/otherwise to join two clauses.
Ex: Work hard or you will fail in the examination.
Rule 6: Simple: Though’ is replaced by In spite of+ Possessive form of the subject+ (verb+ing)
Ex: Com: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.
Sim: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.
Compound: Use ‘but’ to join two clauses.
Rule 7: Simple: So that is replaced by to/in order to.
Ex: Comp: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.
Sim: he works hard to/in order to prosper in life.
Compound: “and want/wants to” is used to join two clauses.
Ex: He works hard and wants to prosper in life.
Rule 8: Simple: ‘so + adjective + that’ is replaced by ‘Too + adjective + to’
Ex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.
Sim: The boy is too foolish to understand it.
Compound: Use ‘And Therefore’ to make it a compound sentence.
Ex: He is so foolish and therefore cannot understand it.
Rule 9: When(if mentions time) is replaced by
For short time – At
For month or Season – In
For age--- at the age of.
Ex: She woke up when it was midnight.
Simple: She woke up at midnight.
Com: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
Sim: In Spring the cuckoo sings.
Con: When Samira was four she went to school.
Sim: At the age of four, Samira went to school.
Compound: Use and to join clauses.
Ex: She woke up and it was midnight.
Rule 10: Simple: If the clause says a bout a continuous fact then use-
At the time of instead of ‘When’
Ex: When I was eating the phone rang.
Sim: At the time of my eating, the phone rang.
Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: I was eating and the phone rang.
Rule 11: Simple: Noun clause can be replaced by noun.
Ex: Com: He admitted that he was guilty.
Sim: He admitted his guilt.
Com: That he is honest is known to all.
Sim: his honesty is known to all.
Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: He is honest and it is known to all.
Rule 12: Simple: If Complex sentence is made with relative pronoun(who, what, which, that), omit it and make (verb+ing).
Com: The Doctor who is working in the hospital is known to all.
Sim: The doctor working in the hospital is known to all.
Note: If the verb is in the past participle it remains unchanged.
Ex: The picture which was drawn by Liza is very fine.
Sim: The picture drawn by Liza is very fine.
Rule 13: Simple: Adjective Clause is changed into - Adjective, Past participle Phrase, Noun in apposition, infinitive.
Adjective:
ex: A man who is drowning catches at a straw.
Sim: A drowning man catches at a straw.
Compound: A man is drowning and so catches at a straw.
Past participle phrase:
Ex: The answer that he wrote was not correct.
Sim: The answer written by him was not correct.
Compound: He wrote the answer and it was not correct.
Gerundial Infinitive:
Ex: I have no money that I can lend you.
Sim: I have no money to lend you.
Compound: I have no money and I cannot lend you.
Rule 14: In the compound “ not only---- But also” is Changed by “Besides + (Verb +ing)”
In the simple.
Ex: Mr.Khan not only teaches us English but also writes novels.
Sim: Besides teaching us English, Mr. Khan Writes novels.
Rule1: Subject and Verb of exclamatory sentence are to be used as the subject and verb of assertive sentence at the outset of the sentence.
How/what → Replace by → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)
Ex: How fortunate you are!
Ass: You are very fortunate.
Exc: What a fool you are!
Ass: You are a great fool.
Rule 2: Sometimes the subject and verb may be eclipsed.
Ex: What a beautiful scenery!
Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.
Ex: What a pity!
Ass: It is a great pity.
Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → Replace by → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.
Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game.
Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Rule 4: Alas → Replace by → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.
Ex: Alas! He has failed.
Ass: We mourn that he has failed.
Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → Replaced by → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part.
Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!
Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Ex: Were I a bird!
Ass: I wish I were a bird.
Ex: If I were young again!
Ass: I wish I were young again.
Ex: would that I could be a child!
Ass: I wish I could be a child.
Assertive to exclamatory is to be done doing Vice versa.
Imperative to assertive
Rule 1: Add subject + should in doing assertive.
Ex: Do the work.
Ass: you should do the work.
Rule 2: Please/kindly → Replaced by → you are requested to.
Ex: Please, help me.
Ass: You are requested to help me.
Rule 3: Do not → Replaced by → You should not.
Ex: Do not run in the sun.
Ass: you should not run in the sun.
Rule 4: Never → Replaced by → you should never.
Ex: Never tell a lie.
Ass: You should never tell a lie.
Rule 5: Let us → Replaced by → We should.
Ex: Let us go out for a walk.
Ass: We should go out for a walk.
Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → Replaced by → Subject + might.
Ex: Let him play football.
Ass: He might play football.
Change of degree
Rule1: If the superlative degree says about the best thing then the rule is:-
For comparative,use –
subject +verb + adjective/adverb(comp. form) + Than any other + rest part
For positive, use-
No other + rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.
Ex: Su: Suman is the tallest boy in the class.
Com: Suman is taller than any other boy in the class.
Pos: No other boy in the class is as tall as Suman.
Rule 2: If In superlative degree ‘One of the’ is transformed in this way:
Comparative: Sub+verb +comp. form +than most other+ Rest part.
Positive: Very few+ rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.
Ex: Nazrul was one of the greatest poets in Bangladesh.
Comp.: Nazrul was greater than most other poets in Bangladesh.
Positive: Very few poets in Bangladesh were so great as Nazrul.
Note: Superlative: Of all/ of any
Comparative: Than all other/than any other.
Positive: It does not exist.
Ex: Sup: Mr. khan is the oldest of all men in the village.
Com: Mr. Khan is older than all other men in the village.
Pos: No other man is as old as Mr. Khan.
Rule 3: Simple comparative is transformed into positive by using
(not so + adj/adv+as)/ (so+adj/adv+as)if negative. Second noun or pronoun is used first.
Ex: 1. com: Rina is wiser than Mina.
Pos: Mina is not so wise as Rina.
2. Com: Mina is not wiser than Rina.’
Pos: Rina is as wise as Mina.
Rule 4: No/not less --- than is transformed into positive by using as +adj/adv+ as
Ex: com: Karim is not less meritorious than Suman.
Pos: Karim is so meritorious as Suman.
Complex →→→ Simple →→→ compound
Rule 1:Since/As/When Change is to be made in the subordinate clause .
When subjects are same.
Simple: 1) Omit since/as/when.
2) (Verb+ing) of the subordinate clause.
3) then write the rest part.
4) use subject with the principal clause.
5) Principal clause remains unchanged.
Ex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.
Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.
Compound: 1) Omit since /as /when
2) write down the rest part.
3) join clauses by using and, and so, and therefore
4) write the main clause unchanged.
Ex: The boy worked hard and made a good result.
Rue2: In case of Be verb in subordinate clause:
1) Use being/ Because of + Pronoun/noun(possessive form)+ being.
Ex: Since he was weak, he could not work hard.
Simple: Because of his being weak, he could not work hard.
Compound: He was weak and therefore could not work hard.
Note: and therefore, is used for showing reasons.
Rule3: When the subject of clauses are different:
Simple:
1)Subject of s.c.
2) Verb+ing ( be verb → being; Have verb → having)
Ex: Since the weather was foul, we did not go out.
Sim: The weather being foul, we did not go out.
Compound: use ‘and therefore’to join two clauses.
Ex: The weather was foul and therefore we did not go out.
Rule 4: If,’ is Replaced by – ‘by + (verb+ing)
Ex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.
Compound: 1) Omit if+subject.
2. use ‘and’ to join two clauses.
Ex: Compound: Work hard and you will succeed in life.
Rule 5: Simple: If-not/unless, is replaced by, - without+( verb+ing)
Ex: Complex: If you donot work hard, you will fail in the examination.
Sim: Without working hard, you will fail in the examination.
Compound: Use or’/otherwise to join two clauses.
Ex: Work hard or you will fail in the examination.
Rule 6: Simple: Though’ is replaced by In spite of+ Possessive form of the subject+ (verb+ing)
Ex: Com: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.
Sim: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.
Compound: Use ‘but’ to join two clauses.
Rule 7: Simple: So that is replaced by to/in order to.
Ex: Comp: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.
Sim: he works hard to/in order to prosper in life.
Compound: “and want/wants to” is used to join two clauses.
Ex: He works hard and wants to prosper in life.
Rule 8: Simple: ‘so + adjective + that’ is replaced by ‘Too + adjective + to’
Ex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.
Sim: The boy is too foolish to understand it.
Compound: Use ‘And Therefore’ to make it a compound sentence.
Ex: He is so foolish and therefore cannot understand it.
Rule 9: When(if mentions time) is replaced by
For short time – At
For month or Season – In
For age--- at the age of.
Ex: She woke up when it was midnight.
Simple: She woke up at midnight.
Com: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
Sim: In Spring the cuckoo sings.
Con: When Samira was four she went to school.
Sim: At the age of four, Samira went to school.
Compound: Use and to join clauses.
Ex: She woke up and it was midnight.
Rule 10: Simple: If the clause says a bout a continuous fact then use-
At the time of instead of ‘When’
Ex: When I was eating the phone rang.
Sim: At the time of my eating, the phone rang.
Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: I was eating and the phone rang.
Rule 11: Simple: Noun clause can be replaced by noun.
Ex: Com: He admitted that he was guilty.
Sim: He admitted his guilt.
Com: That he is honest is known to all.
Sim: his honesty is known to all.
Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: He is honest and it is known to all.
Rule 12: Simple: If Complex sentence is made with relative pronoun(who, what, which, that), omit it and make (verb+ing).
Com: The Doctor who is working in the hospital is known to all.
Sim: The doctor working in the hospital is known to all.
Note: If the verb is in the past participle it remains unchanged.
Ex: The picture which was drawn by Liza is very fine.
Sim: The picture drawn by Liza is very fine.
Rule 13: Simple: Adjective Clause is changed into - Adjective, Past participle Phrase, Noun in apposition, infinitive.
Adjective:
ex: A man who is drowning catches at a straw.
Sim: A drowning man catches at a straw.
Compound: A man is drowning and so catches at a straw.
Past participle phrase:
Ex: The answer that he wrote was not correct.
Sim: The answer written by him was not correct.
Compound: He wrote the answer and it was not correct.
Gerundial Infinitive:
Ex: I have no money that I can lend you.
Sim: I have no money to lend you.
Compound: I have no money and I cannot lend you.
Rule 14: In the compound “ not only---- But also” is Changed by “Besides + (Verb +ing)”
In the simple.
Ex: Mr.Khan not only teaches us English but also writes novels.
Sim: Besides teaching us English, Mr. Khan Writes novels.
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